Correlación: visualizaciones

Autor/a

Edimer David Jaramillo

Fecha de publicación

1 de enero de 2019

Base de datos

datos <- read.csv("Datos/Datos_Continentes.csv")
datos

                                              pais  cajeros17 camas14
1                                       Afganistán   1.274667    0.50
2                                          Albania  31.471579      NA
3                                         Alemania         NA      NA
4                                          Andorra         NA      NA
5                                           Angola         NA      NA
6                                Antigua y Barbuda  63.114237    3.80
7                                   Arabia Saudita  74.375035    2.70
8                                          Argelia   9.384573      NA
9                                        Argentina  59.391257    5.00
10                                         Armenia  63.690056      NA
11                                           Aruba 124.985534      NA
12                                       Australia 162.006414    3.80
13                                         Austria 115.303521      NA
14                                      Azerbaiyán  32.127577      NA
15                                         Bahamas 115.105535      NA
16                                         Bahrein         NA    2.00
17                                      Bangladesh   8.072708    0.60
18                                        Barbados         NA    5.80
19                                         Belarús  55.633457      NA
20                                         Bélgica         NA    6.20
21                                          Belice  38.917623    1.30
22                                           Benin         NA      NA
23                                        Bermudas         NA      NA
24                                          Bhután  36.581871      NA
25                                         Bolivia  40.225490    1.10
26                            Bosnia y Herzegovina  51.104169      NA
27                                        Botswana  32.571156      NA
28                                          Brasil 106.780646    2.20
29                               Brunei Darussalam  68.486509      NA
30                                        Bulgaria  95.128845      NA
31                                    Burkina Faso   3.972802      NA
32                                         Burundi         NA    0.80
33                                      Cabo Verde  46.938877      NA
34                                         Camboya  16.728591      NA
35                                         Camerún         NA      NA
36                                          Canadá 227.823571      NA
37                                            Chad   1.536362      NA
38                                           Chile  52.979853      NA
39                                           China         NA      NA
40                                          Chipre  48.520334      NA
41                                        Colombia  41.840115    1.50
42                                         Comoras   4.896051      NA
43                            Congo, República del         NA      NA
44                Congo, República Democrática del         NA      NA
45                             Corea, República de         NA      NA
46         Corea, República Popular Democrática de         NA      NA
47                                      Costa Rica  64.883624    1.10
48                                   Côte d'Ivoire         NA      NA
49                                         Croacia 140.381651    5.89
50                                            Cuba         NA    5.20
51                                         Curacao         NA      NA
52                                       Dinamarca  50.057355      NA
53                                        Djibouti  12.130586    1.40
54                                        Dominica  36.279455      NA
55                                         Ecuador  50.280612      NA
56                      Egipto, República Árabe de         NA    1.60
57                                     El Salvador  37.264356    1.30
58                          Emiratos Árabes Unidos  65.505847      NA
59                                       Eslovenia  93.655056      NA
60                                          España 111.834936      NA
61                                  Estados Unidos         NA      NA
62                                         Estonia  67.989627      NA
63                                        Eswatini  30.040870      NA
64                                         Etiopía         NA      NA
65                             Federación de Rusia 163.926125      NA
66                                            Fiji  50.177164      NA
67                                       Filipinas  28.305813      NA
68                                       Finlandia  32.515116      NA
69                                         Francia         NA      NA
70                                           Gabón         NA      NA
71                                          Gambia         NA      NA
72                                         Georgia  75.930531      NA
73                                           Ghana  11.530873      NA
74                                       Gibraltar         NA      NA
75                                         Granada  44.067839    3.70
76                                          Grecia  61.532615      NA
77                                     Groenlandia         NA      NA
78                                            Guam         NA      NA
79                                       Guatemala  36.057779    0.60
80                                          Guinea   2.247021      NA
81                               Guinea Ecuatorial         NA      NA
82                                   Guinea-Bissau         NA      NA
83                                          Guyana  20.278907    1.60
84                                           Haití   1.969990      NA
85                                        Honduras  23.889901    0.70
86       Hong Kong, Región Administrativa Especial         NA      NA
87                                         Hungría  60.937153      NA
88                                           India  22.065116      NA
89                                       Indonesia  55.614194      NA
90                    Irán, República Islámica del  76.488143    1.50
91                                            Iraq   2.678396    1.40
92                                         Irlanda  89.500261      NA
93                                     Isla de Man         NA      NA
94             Isla de San Martín (parte francesa)         NA      NA
95                                        Islandia  89.470869    3.20
96                                    Islas Caimán         NA      NA
97                                 Islas del Canal         NA      NA
98                                     Islas Feroe         NA      NA
99                                  Islas Marshall         NA      NA
100                                  Islas Salomón  12.035851      NA
101                          Islas Turcas y Caicos         NA      NA
102                        Islas Vírgenes (EE.UU.)         NA      NA
103                      Islas Vírgenes Británicas         NA      NA
104                                         Israel 121.258372      NA
105                                         Italia  92.400919      NA
106                                        Jamaica  31.789783      NA
107                                          Japón 127.766988      NA
108                                       Jordania  27.998151    1.90
109                                      Kazajstán  74.599741      NA
110                                          Kenya         NA      NA
111                                     Kirguistán  33.430396      NA
112                                       Kiribati         NA      NA
113                                         Kosovo  36.010919      NA
114                                         Kuwait  64.428607    2.00
115                                        Lesotho         NA      NA
116                                        Letonia  61.884893      NA
117                                         Líbano  40.658488    2.90
118                                        Liberia         NA      NA
119                                          Libia   3.755819    3.70
120                                  Liechtenstein         NA      NA
121                                       Lituania  46.749891      NA
122                                     Luxemburgo 115.396650    4.90
123                            Macedonia del Norte  59.407401      NA
124                                     Madagascar   2.795703      NA
125                                        Malasia  46.751131      NA
126                                         Malawi         NA      NA
127                                       Maldivas  35.010339      NA
128                                           Malí         NA      NA
129                                          Malta  55.254084    4.70
130                                        Mariana         NA      NA
131                                      Marruecos  26.979311    1.10
132                                       Mauricio  43.504273      NA
133                                     Mauritania         NA      NA
134                                         México  53.532271      NA
135                                         Mónaco         NA      NA
136                                       Mongolia         NA      NA
137                                     Montenegro  80.832711      NA
138                                     Mozambique   8.931567      NA
139                                        Myanmar   4.378925      NA
140                                        Namibia         NA      NA
141                                          Nauru         NA      NA
142                                          Nepal  10.275601      NA
143                                      Nicaragua  17.654647    0.90
144                                          Níger         NA      NA
145                                        Nigeria  16.320860      NA
146                                        Noruega  36.377238      NA
147                                Nueva Caledonia         NA      NA
148                                 Nueva Zelandia  65.880694      NA
149                                           Omán  37.710615    1.60
150                                   Países Bajos  44.613599      NA
151                                       Pakistán  10.435218    0.60
152                                          Palau  45.845272      NA
153                                         Panamá  70.663779      NA
154                             Papua Nueva Guinea         NA      NA
155                                       Paraguay  27.116665      NA
156                                           Perú 106.572408    1.60
157                             Polinesia Francesa         NA      NA
158                                        Polonia         NA      NA
159                                       Portugal 168.039179      NA
160                                    Puerto Rico         NA      NA
161                                          Qatar  59.041954    1.20
162 Región Administrativa Especial de Macao, China 313.152787      NA
163                                    Reino Unido 128.126941      NA
164                          República Árabe Siria         NA    1.50
165                       República Centroafricana   1.322474      NA
166                                República Checa  55.650985      NA
167                           República de Moldova  36.743286      NA
168              República Democrática Popular Lao  26.092450      NA
169                           República Dominicana  39.015209    1.60
170                             República Eslovaca  60.688374      NA
171                       Ribera Occidental y Gaza         NA      NA
172                                        Rumania  66.693235      NA
173                                         Rwanda   5.555326      NA
174                            Saint Kitts y Nevis  88.439385      NA
175                                          Samoa  49.770813      NA
176                                Samoa Americana         NA      NA
177                                     San Marino 182.892515      NA
178                   San Vicente y las Granadinas  35.821323    2.60
179                                    Santa Lucía  43.426712      NA
180                          Santo Tomé y Príncipe  27.398668      NA
181                                        Senegal         NA      NA
182                                         Serbia  45.765899      NA
183                                     Seychelles  79.163770      NA
184                                   Sierra Leona         NA      NA
185                                       Singapur  65.158486      NA
186                      Sint Maarten (Dutch part)         NA      NA
187                                        Somalia         NA    0.90
188                                      Sri Lanka         NA      NA
189                                      Sudáfrica  67.930858      NA
190                                          Sudán   5.423853      NA
191                                         Suecia  31.978818      NA
192                                          Suiza  97.769823      NA
193                                       Suriname         NA      NA
194                                      Tailandia 117.279135      NA
195                                       Tanzanía         NA      NA
196                                     Tayikistán         NA      NA
197                                    Timor-Leste  12.584690      NA
198                                           Togo   3.929497      NA
199                                          Tonga  36.067229      NA
200                              Trinidad y Tobago  43.083965    3.00
201                                          Túnez         NA    2.20
202                                   Turkmenistán         NA      NA
203                                        Turquía  78.124179      NA
204                                         Tuvalu         NA      NA
205                                        Ucrania  97.670667      NA
206                                         Uganda   4.060236      NA
207                                        Uruguay  84.726290    2.80
208                                     Uzbekistán  24.147006      NA
209                                        Vanuatu         NA      NA
210                                      Venezuela         NA    0.80
211                                       Viet Nam  24.336015    2.60
212                                Yemen, Rep. del         NA    0.70
213                                         Zambia  11.293390      NA
214                                       Zimbabwe   5.792911      NA
      cto_pib16   densidad17 desempleo17 deuda16  electri16     fertil16
1     2.2603142 5.442221e+01       1.559      NA  84.137138 1.218230e+01
2     3.3500000 1.048707e+02      13.750      NA 100.000000 1.261385e+02
3     2.2422351 2.366780e+02       3.746 2.93949 100.000000 1.972283e+02
4     1.8891244 1.637553e+02          NA      NA 100.000000           NA
5    -2.5800972 2.389043e+01       7.139      NA  40.520607 7.982743e+00
6     5.5897391 2.318455e+02          NA      NA  97.354668 1.387000e+01
7     1.6706423 1.532231e+01       5.890      NA 100.000000 1.768737e+02
8     3.3000000 1.734788e+01      11.996      NA  99.439568 2.231527e+01
9    -1.8225422 1.617686e+01       8.347 0.53274 100.000000 5.033633e+01
10    0.2000000 1.029312e+02      17.827 0.23305 100.000000 1.104951e+02
11   -0.2112251 5.848000e+02          NA      NA  95.570145           NA
12    2.8273105 3.198361e+00       5.594      NA 100.000000 6.810370e+01
13    2.0395750 1.066074e+02       5.499 3.08695 100.000000 1.418374e+02
14   -3.1000002 1.191972e+02       5.000 0.20637 100.000000 1.409285e+01
15   -1.6895499 3.949660e+01      12.381      NA 100.000000 1.440175e+02
16    3.4709237 1.918488e+03       0.947      NA 100.000000 1.318750e+03
17    7.1134895 1.265036e+03       4.372      NA  75.920000 2.894023e+02
18    2.0071685 6.644628e+02       9.487      NA 100.000000 1.138043e+02
19   -2.5264464 4.679224e+01       5.650 0.50063 100.000000 1.466186e+02
20    1.4886796 3.759047e+02       7.086 2.48835 100.000000 3.184848e+02
21   -0.5880236 1.642617e+01       9.000      NA  92.214317 4.662489e+02
22    3.9648599 9.911043e+01       2.180      NA  41.402615 1.474761e+01
23           NA 1.211870e+03          NA      NA 100.000000 1.771000e+02
24    8.0221012 2.117266e+01       2.170      NA 100.000000 1.325330e+01
25    4.2639194 1.020179e+01       3.233      NA  93.039131 7.609475e+00
26    3.1440700 6.849643e+01      20.470 0.21597 100.000000 1.318000e+02
27    4.3154865 4.043656e+00      17.631      NA  60.688396 8.957242e+01
28   -3.3054543 2.504005e+01      12.827 1.26578 100.000000 1.860961e+02
29   -2.4655149 8.134668e+01       9.316      NA 100.000000 1.418000e+02
30    3.9367581 6.518006e+01       6.164 0.78006 100.000000 1.255434e+02
31    5.9341351 7.015125e+01       6.015      NA  19.164713 2.177352e+01
32   -0.6000200 4.230625e+02       1.501      NA   7.588477 5.424258e+00
33    4.7057915 1.355801e+02      12.241      NA  92.611588           NA
34    6.8630921 9.067173e+01       1.062      NA  49.770657 1.739360e+01
35    4.6484816 5.088474e+01       3.359      NA  60.074768 9.667529e+00
36    1.4141027 4.036734e+00       6.340 1.60407 100.000000 8.762510e+01
37   -6.2555271 1.183291e+01       2.199 0.32217   8.830898           NA
38    1.2658676 2.428238e+01       6.958 0.36244 100.000000 2.938448e+02
39    6.7000000 1.476741e+02       4.400 2.10826 100.000000 5.033221e+02
40    4.8121876 1.276570e+02      11.052 0.50167 100.000000 1.967388e+02
41    1.9626143 4.422318e+01       8.872 0.26955  99.004456 6.594521e+02
42    2.1881975 4.373519e+02       3.696      NA  77.844215           NA
43   -2.8000188 1.540483e+01      10.156      NA  56.566170 1.844091e+00
44    2.3993791 3.587922e+01       4.102      NA  17.147379 2.476703e+00
45    2.9293048 5.279180e+02       3.700 4.22744 100.000000 3.802815e+02
46           NA 2.117014e+02       3.287      NA  39.244225           NA
47    4.2459899 9.607852e+01       8.142 0.45775 100.000000 6.048858e+02
48    7.9717457 7.639858e+01       2.488      NA  64.300000 5.168334e+01
49    3.5361295 7.370499e+01      11.208 0.84581 100.000000 1.193096e+02
50    0.5137615 1.104080e+02       2.278 0.34865 100.000000 4.944624e+01
51           NA 3.607545e+02          NA      NA 100.000000           NA
52    2.3996822 1.372941e+02       5.743 2.87125 100.000000 1.311478e+02
53    8.7222601 4.128494e+01      11.164      NA  51.782692           NA
54    2.5220457 9.856667e+01          NA      NA 100.000000 8.805167e+01
55   -1.2263840 6.693855e+01       3.836      NA  99.936813 3.454419e+02
56    4.3466435 9.799905e+01      11.770 0.70848 100.000000 6.491940e+02
57    2.5805775 3.078114e+02       4.385 0.14662  98.618896 1.323780e+02
58    2.9884418 1.323591e+02       2.463 0.96366 100.000000           NA
59    3.1483555 1.025910e+02       6.564 2.00202 100.000000 2.589406e+02
60    3.1725897 9.326767e+01      17.224 1.18549 100.000000 1.439661e+02
61    1.5672152 3.554523e+01       4.355 2.74418 100.000000 1.385948e+02
62    3.4890971 3.030559e+01       5.760 1.28129 100.000000 1.126810e+02
63    3.2224724 7.949151e+01      22.340      NA  65.790207           NA
64    7.5617667 1.049574e+02       1.810      NA  42.900000 1.443371e+01
65   -0.2249110 8.823221e+00       5.212 1.09557 100.000000 1.846364e+01
66    0.3800034 4.956223e+01       4.143      NA  98.646049 4.603315e+01
67    6.8757148 3.518734e+02       2.552      NA  90.981613 1.574240e+02
68    2.7719255 1.812449e+01       8.640 2.74645 100.000000 8.050980e+01
69    1.1710502 1.225544e+02       9.397 2.24805 100.000000 1.631391e+02
70    2.0914422 7.859421e+00      19.374      NA  91.395500 2.676640e+01
71    0.4055965 2.075660e+02       8.906      NA  47.757088 1.235341e+00
72    2.8489734 6.503202e+01      13.930 0.30104 100.000000 1.708321e+02
73    3.4477930 1.267189e+02       6.629      NA  79.300000 2.087660e+01
74           NA 3.457100e+03          NA      NA 100.000000           NA
75    3.7356141 3.171324e+02          NA      NA  92.344368           NA
76   -0.1909523 8.342538e+01      21.488 1.00700 100.000000 1.230112e+02
77    7.6629989 1.368522e-01          NA      NA 100.000000           NA
78    0.2502888 3.041278e+02       5.245      NA 100.000000           NA
79    3.0924826 1.578341e+02       2.684      NA  91.779228 3.031532e+02
80   10.4541058 5.175475e+01       3.572      NA  33.500000 1.568584e+00
81   -8.5339106 4.519390e+01       9.155      NA  67.889290           NA
82    6.2628056 6.619072e+01       4.033      NA  14.655790           NA
83    3.3161317 3.951532e+00      12.115      NA  84.242905 4.460405e+01
84    1.4527070 3.984481e+02      13.405      NA  38.690166           NA
85    3.7521489 8.280514e+01       4.048      NA  87.576630 1.643176e+02
86    2.1629233 7.039714e+03       3.090 0.79144 100.000000 2.704003e+03
87    2.2807978 1.081185e+02       4.156 1.20606 100.000000 1.282525e+02
88    8.1695265 4.504186e+02       2.557      NA  84.526817 1.658482e+02
89    5.0330692 1.457252e+02       4.185      NA  97.620000 2.313696e+02
90   13.3962445 4.983103e+01      12.100      NA 100.000000 7.629205e+01
91   13.0241537 8.816436e+01       7.891 0.03631 100.000000 3.581725e+01
92    4.9875824 6.984063e+01       6.710 1.17681 100.000000 1.247938e+03
93    7.4000000 1.478719e+02          NA      NA 100.000000           NA
94           NA 5.905331e+02          NA      NA  71.970284           NA
95    7.3514753 3.425436e+00       2.742 2.07540 100.000000 1.815289e+02
96    3.5356589 2.564958e+02          NA      NA 100.000000           NA
97           NA 8.349192e+02       7.347      NA 100.000000           NA
98           NA 3.530802e+01          NA      NA 100.000000           NA
99    1.9104950 2.951500e+02          NA      NA  93.138046           NA
100   3.4566064 2.184148e+01       1.771      NA  47.919144           NA
101          NA 3.731158e+01          NA      NA  95.700439           NA
102   0.9369952 3.064800e+02       8.462      NA 100.000000           NA
103          NA 2.079733e+02          NA      NA         NA           NA
104   4.0078887 4.026479e+02       4.215 4.25121 100.000000 2.806780e+02
105   1.1455128 2.058092e+02      11.211 1.28566 100.000000 1.298473e+02
106   1.3806584 2.668789e+02      11.659      NA  98.204269 5.724633e+01
107   0.9381939 3.477776e+02       2.800 3.14081 100.000000 2.421845e+02
108   2.0037336 1.092853e+02      14.879 0.33201 100.000000 1.120459e+02
109   1.1000000 6.681400e+00       4.900 0.14179 100.000000 4.325566e+00
110   5.8691977 8.732449e+01       9.292      NA  56.000000 3.818022e+01
111   4.3358559 3.231595e+01       6.890 0.11121  99.996101 3.141071e+01
112   5.1297505 1.437012e+02          NA      NA  84.936272           NA
113   4.0565786 1.681547e+02          NA      NA 100.000000           NA
114   3.5470051 2.321284e+02       1.997 0.07878 100.000000 7.507238e+02
115   3.1789867 7.356189e+01      23.613      NA  29.733309           NA
116   2.0643813 3.123590e+01       8.715 0.44292 100.000000 1.041925e+02
117   1.7407420 5.945608e+02       6.114      NA 100.000000 3.309255e+02
118  -1.5995841 4.912693e+01       2.028      NA  19.800000           NA
119  -2.7954689 3.622888e+00      17.122      NA  98.536728 1.165116e+01
120          NA 2.370125e+02          NA      NA 100.000000           NA
121   2.3531813 4.515186e+01       7.073 0.84724 100.000000 1.318650e+02
122   2.4114308 2.454058e+02       5.522 1.24366 100.000000 2.621080e+02
123   2.8484415 8.259952e+01      22.381 0.43287 100.000000 7.931488e+01
124   4.1799902 4.395135e+01       1.669 0.01498  22.900000 5.174971e+00
125   4.2234102 9.625404e+01       3.410      NA 100.000000 1.723389e+03
126   2.4840406 1.975191e+02       5.468      NA  11.000000 2.160590e+01
127   7.2891863 1.454433e+03       5.830      NA 100.000000 3.149000e+02
128   5.8000000 1.519598e+01       9.435      NA  35.069500 4.423502e+01
129   5.2305849 1.462497e+03       4.567 0.59697 100.000000 2.646020e+02
130  28.2238443 1.198783e+02          NA      NA 100.000000           NA
131   1.1259775 8.007972e+01       9.053      NA 100.000000 7.110563e+01
132   3.8379524 6.229621e+02       6.752      NA  98.781784 2.353080e+02
133   2.0000000 4.288526e+00      10.276      NA  41.652107           NA
134   2.8978596 6.644372e+01       3.420 0.48650 100.000000 1.140062e+02
135   3.2138488 1.934750e+04          NA      NA 100.000000           NA
136   1.1683935 1.979741e+00       6.359 0.18342  81.775032 3.996867e+01
137   2.9000000 4.627309e+01      16.071      NA 100.000000 2.852078e+02
138   3.7632756 3.772837e+01       3.173      NA  24.198339 3.722713e+00
139   5.8624729 8.172140e+01       1.551      NA  57.009384 1.787317e+01
140   0.6416496 3.077645e+00      23.088      NA  51.782425 2.610671e+01
141  10.4000040 6.438000e+02          NA      NA  99.202805           NA
142   0.5886785 2.044297e+02       1.253      NA  90.700000 7.407848e+01
143   4.6587592 5.166679e+01       4.213      NA  81.796799 6.146321e+01
144   4.9259309 1.695535e+01       0.285      NA  16.217234 4.020905e-01
145  -1.6168690 2.095878e+02       6.013      NA  59.300000 5.470367e+00
146   1.1873548 1.445258e+01       4.162 2.03222 100.000000 2.038963e+02
147          NA 1.534245e+01      13.797      NA 100.000000 2.381410e+02
148   3.4714568 1.820630e+01       4.702      NA 100.000000 1.777239e+03
149   4.9801710 1.497984e+01       3.137 0.25511 100.000000 4.680684e+02
150   2.1917137 5.084980e+02       4.839 2.03247 100.000000 2.889241e+02
151   5.5267358 2.555728e+02       3.181      NA  99.147438 1.443301e+02
152   0.5265690 4.723696e+01          NA      NA  99.289352           NA
153   4.9664618 5.513300e+01       3.900      NA  93.417801 4.912286e+01
154   1.5923853 1.822012e+01       2.352 0.03294  22.932154 1.120521e+02
155   4.3129050 1.714396e+01       4.615 0.15366  98.400000 1.103496e+02
156   3.9513092 2.512929e+01       3.460 0.12024  94.851746 1.276999e+02
157          NA 7.732432e+01      12.097      NA 100.000000 2.520320e+02
158   3.0626004 1.240237e+02       4.887 0.96538 100.000000 1.728171e+02
159   1.9257357 1.124418e+02       8.867 1.26565 100.000000 1.993961e+02
160  -1.3269279 3.748592e+02      10.800      NA 100.000000           NA
161   2.1313109 2.273222e+02       0.140      NA 100.000000 6.755245e+03
162  -0.8631188 2.047918e+04       2.000 0.23367 100.000000           NA
163   1.7892361 2.729025e+02       4.335 1.68847 100.000000 2.529037e+02
164          NA 9.949283e+01       8.031      NA 100.000000 7.551489e+00
165   4.5312860 7.478699e+00       6.447      NA  13.985112           NA
166   2.4505424 1.371981e+02       2.890 1.67830 100.000000 1.961472e+02
167   4.5000000 1.236545e+02       4.098 0.32888 100.000000 2.440760e+01
168   7.0230919 2.971473e+01       0.603      NA  87.095772           NA
169   6.6122082 2.228731e+02       5.832      NA 100.000000 8.808971e+01
170   3.1254101 1.131288e+02       8.131 0.78965 100.000000 1.257624e+02
171   4.7084353 7.782022e+02      27.444      NA 100.000000           NA
172   4.8008101 8.511816e+01       4.927 0.48209 100.000000 5.990748e+01
173   5.9813149 4.948685e+02       0.954      NA  29.370000 1.085750e+01
174   2.3175085 2.128654e+02          NA      NA 100.000000 4.600000e-01
175   7.1694201 6.941343e+01       8.324      NA 100.000000 4.637500e+00
176  -2.6194145 2.782050e+02          NA      NA         NA           NA
177   2.2000000 5.566667e+02          NA      NA 100.000000           NA
178   1.9754559 2.817872e+02      19.731      NA 100.000000           NA
179   3.3651531 2.931869e+02      20.790      NA  97.760918 1.708933e+02
180   4.1792093 2.128406e+02      13.139      NA  65.440483           NA
181   6.2284499 8.232778e+01       6.437      NA  64.500000 1.640938e+01
182   2.7973237 8.027507e+01      13.477 0.89059 100.000000 2.447871e+02
183   4.5030316 2.083543e+02          NA 0.22162 100.000000 5.217333e+02
184   6.0554740 1.046995e+02       4.325      NA  20.300000           NA
185   2.3970215 7.915730e+03       3.907      NA 100.000000 3.023786e+04
186   0.4325063 1.209088e+03          NA      NA 100.000000           NA
187          NA 2.350005e+01      13.913      NA  29.890318           NA
188   4.4688297 3.419550e+02       4.180      NA  95.588234 1.319226e+02
189   0.5653449 4.675429e+01      27.327      NA  84.200000 5.851160e+01
190   4.7000000 2.325842e+01      12.773      NA  38.528442 7.172658e+00
191   2.6839663 2.469298e+01       6.718 3.25490 100.000000 9.633644e+01
192   1.6012236 2.138590e+02       4.797      NA 100.000000 2.144073e+02
193  -5.5611934 3.611551e+00       7.599      NA  87.176315 2.177086e+02
194   3.2826831 1.351319e+02       0.632 0.78133 100.000000 1.617103e+02
195   6.8671162 6.469860e+01       1.939      NA  32.800000 1.260450e+01
196   6.8729642 6.427944e+01      10.738 0.10685 100.000000 8.137740e+01
197   0.8278572 8.717626e+01       2.963      NA  63.394138           NA
198   5.0999921 1.433663e+02       1.658      NA  46.928375 1.102612e+01
199   3.3794737 1.500278e+02       1.003      NA  97.020000 3.930055e+01
200  -5.9570613 2.668860e+02       2.817 0.09175 100.000000 3.560000e+02
201   1.1083930 7.422842e+01      15.379 0.59989 100.000000 5.925128e+01
202   6.2000000 1.225305e+01       3.695      NA 100.000000           NA
203   3.1838191 1.049141e+02      10.819      NA 100.000000 1.377049e+02
204   3.0349510 3.730667e+02          NA      NA  99.426155           NA
205   2.4409947 7.738980e+01       9.510 0.48384 100.000000 5.274744e+01
206   4.7810003 2.137590e+02       1.698      NA  26.700000 1.910848e+00
207   1.6897982 1.975060e+01       7.890 0.40845 100.000000 1.436685e+02
208   7.8000000 7.613352e+01       4.972 0.22139 100.000000 2.327032e+02
209   4.0005745 2.266153e+01       5.423      NA  57.820000           NA
210          NA 3.625312e+01       7.422 0.11867  99.603836 1.834675e+02
211   6.2108117 3.081266e+02       1.886      NA 100.000000 4.297848e+02
212 -13.6214584 5.350762e+01      13.175      NA  71.642349 1.639655e+01
213   3.7571778 2.299483e+01       7.206      NA  27.219337 8.959407e+01
214   0.7558693 4.272949e+01       4.943      NA  38.145138 2.290000e+01
    gasto_edu16 gasto_id16 gasto_militar17        pib16    pm2517 pobRural17
1       4.20525         NA    9.068569e-01 1.904636e+10 56.910808     74.750
2       3.95464         NA    1.244175e+00 1.188368e+10 18.200603     40.617
3            NA    2.93949    1.220136e+00 3.495163e+12 12.028767     22.739
4       3.25670         NA              NA 2.877312e+09 10.307621     11.850
5            NA         NA    2.201338e+00 1.011239e+11 32.388505     35.161
6            NA         NA              NA 1.464630e+09 18.622343     75.287
7            NA         NA    1.028867e+01 6.449355e+11 87.945447     16.378
8            NA         NA    5.708235e+00 1.601299e+11 38.884011     27.948
9       5.57218    0.53274    9.096630e-01 5.548609e+11 13.311834      8.251
10      2.75812    0.23305    3.968039e+00 1.054614e+10 32.528118     36.897
11      6.14322         NA              NA 2.646927e+09        NA     56.707
12           NA         NA    1.989293e+00 1.208039e+12  8.550324     14.096
13           NA    3.08695    7.293552e-01 3.940528e+11 12.477967     41.906
14      2.90341    0.20637    3.937400e+00 3.786752e+10 19.928664     44.657
15           NA         NA              NA 1.183880e+10 17.367720     17.075
16           NA         NA    4.123826e+00 3.225013e+10 70.816208     10.814
17      1.53554         NA    1.380750e+00 2.214152e+11 60.845785     64.142
18      5.09272         NA              NA 4.529050e+09 23.080176     68.841
19      4.94655    0.50063    1.191985e+00 4.774906e+10 18.765580     21.866
20           NA    2.48835    9.094851e-01 4.697387e+11 12.886518      2.039
21      7.06045         NA    1.253084e+00 1.806646e+09 23.011892     54.399
22      3.99469         NA    1.216322e+00 8.573160e+09 38.999959     53.232
23           NA         NA              NA           NA 11.646359      0.000
24      6.80557         NA              NA 2.219676e+09 37.926503     59.833
25           NA         NA    1.757835e+00 3.394113e+10 21.568987     30.920
26           NA    0.21597    8.993755e-01 1.691109e+10 27.747669     52.124
27           NA         NA    3.052535e+00 1.564863e+10 23.094386     31.300
28           NA    1.26578    1.410026e+00 1.796275e+12 12.706629     13.691
29      4.42541         NA    2.879225e+00 1.140065e+10  5.903065     22.688
30           NA    0.78006    1.554292e+00 5.324095e+10 19.149132     25.331
31           NA         NA    1.436230e+00 1.088636e+10 42.935593     71.257
32      4.61813         NA    1.983154e+00 2.959185e+09 38.896268     87.294
33      5.36651         NA    5.420811e-01 1.663009e+09 34.778700     34.739
34           NA         NA    2.087211e+00 2.001675e+10 25.614292     77.020
35      2.68755         NA    1.316594e+00 3.262154e+10 72.793096     44.223
36           NA    1.60407    1.253960e+00 1.526954e+12  6.428383     18.650
37           NA    0.32217    2.151363e+00 1.009092e+10 66.029205     77.142
38      5.35064    0.36244    1.910062e+00 2.500362e+11 21.036299     12.510
39           NA    2.10826    1.908845e+00 1.119099e+13 52.664596     42.040
40           NA    0.50167    1.879581e+00 2.045376e+10 17.294406     33.164
41      4.52091    0.26955    3.102233e+00 2.828561e+11 16.527210     19.554
42           NA         NA              NA 1.024262e+09 20.546825     71.216
43           NA         NA    6.167053e+00 9.035848e+09 46.638220     33.541
44      2.11869         NA    6.987736e-01 3.713480e+10 44.909264     56.120
45           NA    4.22744    2.554898e+00 1.414804e+12 25.039425     18.497
46           NA         NA              NA           NA 32.007452     38.322
47      7.11873    0.45775    0.000000e+00 5.715799e+10 15.725920     21.440
48      4.94837         NA    1.280443e+00 3.539000e+10 25.886266     49.674
49           NA    0.84581    1.436931e+00 5.164088e+10 17.901772     43.333
50           NA    0.34865              NA 9.137000e+10 19.706047     23.023
51           NA         NA              NA           NA        NA     10.797
52           NA    2.87125    1.174356e+00 3.119881e+11 10.029653     12.243
53           NA         NA              NA 1.764268e+09 45.549618     22.352
54           NA         NA              NA 5.754682e+08 19.493154     29.819
55           NA         NA    2.445253e+00 9.993770e+10 14.886101     36.330
56           NA    0.70848    1.285924e+00 3.329278e+11 86.999452     57.295
57      3.86991    0.14662    9.005177e-01 2.391223e+10 24.472292     28.725
58           NA    0.96366              NA 3.570451e+11 40.917510     13.752
59           NA    2.00202    9.982137e-01 4.470860e+10 16.023980     45.727
60           NA    1.18549    1.242562e+00 1.237499e+12  9.697928     19.920
61           NA    2.74418    3.149222e+00 1.870719e+13  7.409442     17.942
62           NA    1.28129    2.098303e+00 2.398430e+10  6.732124     31.283
63           NA         NA    1.752853e+00 3.817430e+09 17.168787     76.375
64           NA         NA    6.596553e-01 7.300098e+10 38.978738     79.690
65           NA    1.09557    4.262469e+00 1.282664e+12 16.160224     25.708
66           NA         NA    9.010199e-01 4.671313e+09 10.840160     44.258
67           NA         NA    1.390559e+00 3.048891e+11 18.069799     53.318
68           NA    2.74645    1.437758e+00 2.390095e+11  5.861331     14.675
69           NA    2.24805    2.255229e+00 2.465134e+12 11.814964     19.820
70           NA         NA    2.055644e+00 1.401437e+10 44.385548     11.024
71      3.08513         NA              NA 1.442299e+09 33.982639     39.401
72      3.78477    0.30104    2.225139e+00 1.437802e+10 22.196055     41.769
73      5.76632         NA    4.060351e-01 5.500973e+10 34.713514     44.593
74           NA         NA              NA           NA        NA      0.000
75     10.29313         NA              NA 1.061631e+09 22.722687     63.836
76           NA    1.00700    2.506157e+00 1.952224e+11 16.218266     21.276
77           NA         NA              NA 2.705899e+09 11.602179     13.426
78           NA         NA              NA 5.793000e+09 11.634407      5.301
79      2.83281         NA    3.732213e-01 6.866365e+10 24.070649     49.320
80      2.51800         NA    2.332467e+00 8.694360e+09 26.062490     64.207
81           NA         NA              NA 1.126090e+10 53.240621     28.354
82           NA         NA              NA 1.178205e+09 29.774702     57.055
83      6.06100         NA    1.443677e+00 3.504024e+09 22.375575     73.462
84      2.44959         NA    8.874827e-04 7.970649e+09 15.019824     45.654
85      6.30177         NA    1.578230e+00 2.164394e+10 20.628851     43.543
86      3.29265    0.79144              NA 3.208812e+11        NA      0.000
87           NA    1.20606    1.054927e+00 1.260080e+11 15.926048     28.938
88           NA         NA    2.493046e+00 2.290432e+12 90.873210     66.400
89           NA         NA    8.093374e-01 9.318774e+11 16.502653     45.341
90      3.36576         NA    3.099259e+00 4.189767e+11 38.978760     25.606
91           NA    0.03631    3.855106e+00 1.705596e+11 61.636236     29.722
92           NA    1.17681    3.567806e-01 3.022429e+11  8.208577     37.053
93           NA         NA              NA 6.592628e+09        NA     47.542
94           NA         NA              NA           NA        NA         NA
95           NA    2.07540    0.000000e+00 2.071602e+10  6.481147      6.227
96           NA         NA              NA           NA        NA      0.000
97           NA         NA              NA           NA        NA     69.086
98           NA         NA              NA           NA        NA     58.086
99           NA         NA              NA 1.944979e+08 10.241332     23.366
100          NA         NA              NA 1.232699e+09 11.879122     76.714
101          NA         NA              NA           NA        NA      7.183
102          NA         NA              NA           NA 10.265312      4.397
103          NA         NA              NA           NA        NA     52.663
104          NA    4.25121    4.725543e+00 3.193779e+11 21.381102      7.664
105          NA    1.28566    1.522313e+00 1.869117e+12 16.750712     29.856
106     5.31866         NA    9.035378e-01 1.407214e+10 13.404151     44.622
107     3.46746    3.14081    9.349600e-01 4.949273e+12 11.704778      8.465
108     3.89621    0.33201    4.797788e+00 3.865473e+10 33.006081      9.253
109     2.97810    0.14179    8.412225e-01 1.372783e+11 13.824288     42.664
110     5.36267         NA    1.230708e+00 7.087522e+10 28.578374     73.438
111     6.58615    0.11121    3.158171e+00 6.813092e+09 22.737768     63.865
112          NA         NA              NA 1.783289e+08 10.640856     46.738
113          NA         NA              NA 6.714712e+09        NA         NA
114          NA    0.07878    5.751166e+00 1.109123e+11 60.745160      0.000
115          NA         NA    2.230775e+00 2.323420e+09 28.028654     72.270
116          NA    0.44292    1.721654e+00 2.769547e+10 13.426458     31.925
117          NA         NA    4.513849e+00 5.148391e+10 30.621111     11.571
118     4.00885         NA    6.381542e-01 3.277826e+09 17.984112     49.303
119          NA         NA              NA 2.622166e+10 54.254682     20.183
120          NA         NA              NA 6.214634e+09        NA     85.685
121          NA    0.84724    1.748494e+00 4.297337e+10 11.853282     32.484
122          NA    1.24366    5.060577e-01 5.896124e+10 10.364637      9.273
123          NA    0.43287    9.825918e-01 1.067247e+10 29.726945     42.252
124          NA    0.01498    5.852912e-01 1.000119e+10 22.542283     63.478
125     4.82754         NA    1.125453e+00 2.967529e+11 16.035809     24.553
126     4.74857         NA    7.701816e-01 5.433040e+09 23.565921     83.286
127     4.25199         NA              NA 4.414056e+09  7.795821     60.620
128     3.09071         NA    3.054094e+00 1.401079e+10 38.526606     58.428
129          NA    0.59697    5.317390e-01 1.127402e+10 13.909543      5.454
130          NA         NA              NA 1.250000e+09  9.892981      8.470
131          NA         NA    3.152900e+00 1.033453e+11 32.593541     38.092
132     5.01360         NA    1.806503e-01 1.223246e+10 14.457827     59.159
133     2.63107         NA              NA 4.739299e+09 47.422992     47.176
134          NA    0.48650    5.017429e-01 1.077780e+12 20.921116     20.133
135     1.37102         NA              NA 6.468252e+09        NA      0.000
136     5.18212    0.18342    7.371034e-01 1.118673e+10 40.112849     31.637
137          NA         NA    1.667099e+00 4.374131e+09 20.781814     33.523
138          NA         NA    8.146646e-01 1.098136e+10 21.298695     64.545
139          NA         NA    2.483304e+00 6.325618e+10 35.557453     69.678
140          NA         NA    3.382267e+00 1.128126e+10 25.358765     50.995
141          NA         NA              NA 1.020601e+08        NA      0.000
142     4.44099         NA    1.552752e+00 2.118592e+10 99.734374     80.664
143     4.11264         NA    6.099227e-01 1.318499e+10 17.614180     41.701
144     4.04160         NA    2.674758e+00 7.528285e+09 94.053818     83.650
145          NA         NA    4.117073e-01 4.046495e+11 71.798174     50.481
146          NA    2.03222    1.643376e+00 3.713448e+11  6.956520     18.129
147          NA         NA              NA           NA        NA     29.744
148     6.30374         NA    1.158444e+00 1.892860e+11  5.956001     13.534
149     6.10957    0.25511    1.207272e+01 6.594148e+10 41.115238     16.440
150          NA    2.03247    1.225072e+00 7.835282e+11 12.034408      8.923
151     2.49180         NA    3.495483e+00 2.786546e+11 58.282419     63.558
152          NA         NA              NA 3.039845e+08        NA     20.635
153          NA         NA    0.000000e+00 5.795759e+10 11.400054     32.635
154          NA    0.03294    4.875105e-01 1.902812e+10 12.294418     86.898
155     4.52037    0.15366    1.184159e+00 3.605428e+10 11.909081     38.700
156     3.81827    0.12024    9.773834e-01 1.916397e+11 24.786728     22.280
157          NA         NA              NA           NA        NA     38.216
158          NA    0.96538    1.956786e+00 4.719921e+11 20.877822     39.895
159          NA    1.26565    1.733643e+00 2.062757e+11  8.160752     35.348
160          NA         NA              NA 1.039608e+11  8.349033      6.413
161          NA         NA              NA 1.517321e+11 91.187328      0.922
162     3.08310    0.23367              NA 4.531088e+10        NA      0.000
163     5.54179    1.68847    1.834837e+00 2.659239e+12 10.472690     16.857
164          NA         NA              NA           NA 43.757259     46.500
165          NA         NA    1.323566e+00 1.755468e+09 56.828497     59.020
166          NA    1.67830    1.051767e+00 1.950903e+11 16.071245     26.325
167     6.66130    0.32888    4.206777e-01 6.795731e+09 16.251033     57.443
168          NA         NA              NA 1.580571e+10 25.109538     65.632
169          NA         NA    6.619087e-01 7.234297e+10 13.726321     19.723
170          NA    0.78965    1.188659e+00 8.984836e+10 17.562911     46.249
171     5.71773         NA              NA 1.342570e+10 33.225630     24.106
172          NA    0.48209    1.971667e+00 1.884941e+11 14.611340     46.064
173     3.53979         NA    9.745173e-01 8.475682e+09 43.210217     82.875
174          NA         NA              NA 9.589732e+08        NA     69.227
175     4.08105         NA              NA 7.866400e+08 11.548027     81.548
176          NA         NA              NA 6.530000e+08 12.473820     12.830
177          NA         NA              NA 1.564381e+09        NA      2.928
178     5.79986         NA              NA 7.707622e+08 22.200516     48.216
179     5.71024         NA              NA 1.635675e+09 22.400817     81.388
180     5.07533         NA              NA 3.542375e+08 28.539584     28.032
181     6.62561         NA    1.896635e+00 1.897389e+10 40.695826     53.260
182     3.86178    0.89059    1.828501e+00 3.829985e+10 24.726358     44.058
183     4.41832    0.22162    1.565582e+00 1.427525e+09 20.178649     43.739
184     3.06023         NA    7.233298e-01 3.556037e+09 21.625947     58.364
185          NA         NA    3.321162e+00 3.097639e+11 19.078256      0.000
186          NA         NA              NA           NA        NA      0.000
187          NA         NA              NA 6.761999e+09 32.034584     55.609
188     3.47508         NA    2.171972e+00 8.178742e+10 11.099617     81.616
189     5.94059         NA    1.047490e+00 2.957466e+11 25.102205     34.150
190          NA         NA    3.183156e+00 9.558438e+10 55.370834     65.630
191          NA    3.25490    1.025254e+00 5.122052e+11  6.184665     12.854
192     5.12430         NA    6.836302e-01 6.701811e+11 10.303100     26.239
193          NA         NA              NA 3.152174e+09 24.780011     33.959
194          NA    0.78133    1.422584e+00 4.117552e+11 26.256727     50.800
195          NA         NA    1.137277e+00 4.977402e+10 29.076641     66.947
196          NA    0.10685              NA 6.952678e+09 46.152185     73.018
197          NA         NA    9.069040e-01 2.521000e+09 19.257209     69.788
198     5.06326         NA    1.935261e+00 4.457733e+09 35.731336     58.838
199          NA         NA              NA 4.011175e+08 10.785479     76.831
200          NA    0.09175    8.911694e-01 2.229559e+10 24.108568     46.795
201          NA    0.59989    2.070079e+00 4.180838e+10 37.655994     31.358
202          NA         NA              NA 3.618000e+10 21.767721     48.847
203          NA         NA    2.178140e+00 8.637217e+11 44.311526     25.356
204          NA         NA              NA 3.657261e+07        NA     38.470
205     5.01437    0.48384    3.412975e+00 9.335599e+10 20.309776     30.754
206     2.55882         NA    1.675066e+00 2.413366e+10 50.494321     76.804
207          NA    0.40845    2.051628e+00 5.268761e+10  9.274883      4.760
208     6.91097    0.22139              NA 6.744571e+10 28.455901     49.450
209          NA         NA              NA 7.879426e+08 11.652777     74.837
210          NA    0.11867    4.878441e-01           NA 17.008554     11.817
211          NA         NA    2.286511e+00 2.052762e+11 29.626728     64.787
212          NA         NA              NA 3.643665e+10 50.456007     63.984
213          NA         NA    1.341520e+00 2.095475e+10 27.438035     57.024
214          NA         NA    1.970583e+00 2.054868e+10 22.251671     67.763
    tierrasCult16 continente
1     11.83867904       Asia
2     22.63868569     Europa
3     33.67013968     Europa
4      1.65957441     Europa
5      3.93037619     Africa
6      9.09090909    América
7      1.61744251       Asia
8      3.10873571     Africa
9     14.32387300    América
10    15.67966259       Asia
11    11.11111111    América
12     5.98646389    Oceanía
13    16.29230665     Europa
14    24.18047659       Asia
15     0.79920080    América
16     2.05655522       Asia
17    59.64669249       Asia
18    16.27906977    América
19    28.00066795     Europa
20    28.05151996     Europa
21     3.41955283    América
22    23.94466123     Africa
23     5.55555568    América
24     2.62164436       Asia
25     4.11058802    América
26    20.03906250     Europa
27     0.45806646     Africa
28     9.68827993    América
29     0.94876660       Asia
30    32.20338983     Europa
31    21.92982456     Africa
32    46.72897196     Africa
33    12.40694789     Africa
34    21.52730569       Asia
35    13.11586385     Africa
36     4.81288303    América
37     3.89135959     Africa
38     1.70779468    América
39    12.66482109       Asia
40     9.15909061     Europa
41     1.52194680    América
42    34.92745721     Africa
43     1.61054173     Africa
44     3.13182329     Africa
45    14.57600286       Asia
46    19.51665144       Asia
47     4.84723854    América
48     9.11949686     Africa
49    15.58255897     Europa
50    28.73870316    América
51             NA    América
52    56.56108597     Europa
53     0.08628128     Africa
54     8.00000000    América
55     3.92977935    América
56     2.79950778     Africa
57    35.56949807    América
58     0.62658406       Asia
59     9.12918327     Europa
60    24.69589497     Europa
61    16.64540384    América
62    16.01104210     Europa
63    10.17441860     Africa
64    15.11900000     Africa
65     7.51803124       Asia
66     9.03119869    Oceanía
67    18.74769427       Asia
68     7.39034583     Europa
69    33.52330476     Europa
70     1.26130322     Africa
71    43.47826087     Africa
72     4.95035257       Asia
73    20.65570889     Africa
74             NA     Europa
75     8.82352941    América
76    16.60201707     Europa
77             NA    América
78     1.85185185    Oceanía
79     8.04404629    América
80    12.61598567     Africa
81     4.27807487     Africa
82    10.66856330     Africa
83     2.13360427    América
84    38.82438316    América
85     9.11609617    América
86     2.85714286       Asia
87    47.76317243     Europa
88    52.62462204       Asia
89    12.97217331       Asia
90     9.01728923       Asia
91    11.51734030       Asia
92     6.47408913     Europa
93    41.22807018     Europa
94             NA    América
95     1.20698254     Europa
96     0.83333335    América
97    19.69697094     Europa
98     2.14899704     Europa
99    11.11111111    Oceanía
100    0.71454091    Oceanía
101    1.05263158    América
102    2.85714286    América
103    6.66666667    América
104   13.63216266       Asia
105   22.44509417     Europa
106   11.08033241    América
107   11.47684880       Asia
108    2.67244869       Asia
109   10.88824684       Asia
110   10.19081421     Africa
111    6.71532847       Asia
112    2.46913580    Oceanía
113            NA     Europa
114    0.44893378       Asia
115   11.59420290     Africa
116   20.71405597     Europa
117   12.90322581       Asia
118    5.19102990     Africa
119    0.97752822     Africa
120   13.50000054     Europa
121   34.20388926     Europa
122   25.45679037     Europa
123   16.49484536     Europa
124    6.01581299     Africa
125    2.68452290       Asia
126   40.30547306     Africa
127   13.00000032       Asia
128    5.25409977     Africa
129   28.34374905     Europa
130    2.17391304    Oceanía
131   18.21644634     Africa
132   36.94581281     Africa
133    0.43659649     Africa
134   11.60626559    América
135            NA     Europa
136    0.36509695       Asia
137    0.66914498     Europa
138    7.18482159     Africa
139   16.70239481       Asia
140    0.97171106     Africa
141            NA    Oceanía
142   14.74502931       Asia
143   12.49792255    América
144   13.26280887     Africa
145   37.33104955     Africa
146    2.20509250     Europa
147    0.34135666    Oceanía
148    2.16474878    Oceanía
149    0.18129241       Asia
150   30.51350549     Europa
151   40.26567040       Asia
152    2.17391304    Oceanía
153    7.57331181    América
154    0.66245639    Oceanía
155   12.08155047    América
156    2.74062500    América
157    0.68306011    Oceanía
158   35.29181227     Europa
159   10.68351748     Europa
160    6.87711387    América
161    1.23169683       Asia
162            NA       Asia
163   24.90807161     Europa
164   25.38800850       Asia
165    2.88933834     Africa
166   32.29733230     Europa
167   55.55792183     Europa
168    6.60745234       Asia
169   16.55971848    América
170   28.01580699     Europa
171    8.44186041       Asia
172   37.30006954     Europa
173   46.68422988     Africa
174   19.23076923    América
175    2.82685512    Oceanía
176   15.00000000    Oceanía
177   16.66666667     Europa
178   12.82051282    América
179    4.91803279    América
180    9.06249980     Africa
181   16.62078637     Africa
182   29.70500800     Europa
183    0.32608697     Africa
184   21.94513716     Africa
185    0.78984484       Asia
186            NA    América
187    1.75343514     Africa
188   20.73034604       Asia
189   10.30426432     Africa
190            NA     Africa
191    6.32098426     Europa
192   10.08958403     Europa
193    0.41666667    América
194   32.90336472       Asia
195   15.24046060     Africa
196    5.25974494       Asia
197   10.42367182       Asia
198   48.72219158     Africa
199   25.00000000    Oceanía
200    4.87329435    América
201   18.66632338     Africa
202    4.12827442       Asia
203   26.48155607     Europa
204            NA    Oceanía
205   56.57960607     Europa
206   34.41053262     Africa
207   13.77328361    América
208   10.34320639       Asia
209    1.64068909    Oceanía
210    3.06105096    América
211   22.56909730       Asia
212    2.36377067     Africa
213    5.11171794     Africa
214   10.33992504     Africa

Resumen numérico

El resumen numérico de las variables cuantitativas tiene los siguientes estadísticos:

Media
Mediana
Desviación estándar
Mínimo
Máximo

Tabla por defecto

# Bibliotecas
library(tidyr)
library(dplyr)

# Resumen numérico por variable
datos %>% 
  select(-c(pais, continente)) %>% 
  gather(key = "variable", value = "valor") %>% 
  group_by(variable) %>% 
  summarise(Promedio = mean(valor, na.rm = TRUE),
            DE = sd(valor, na.rm = TRUE),
            Min = min(valor, na.rm = TRUE),
            Max = max(valor, na.rm = TRUE),
            Mediana = median(valor, na.rm = TRUE))

# A tibble: 15 × 6
   variable        Promedio      DE           Min     Max  Mediana
   <chr>              <dbl>   <dbl>         <dbl>   <dbl>    <dbl>
 1 cajeros17        5.51e 1 4.69e 1        1.27   3.13e 2 4.58e+ 1
 2 camas14          2.29e 0 1.57e 0        0.5    6.2 e 0 1.6 e+ 0
 3 cto_pib16        3.03e 0 3.75e 0      -13.6    2.82e 1 3.06e+ 0
 4 densidad17       4.49e 2 2.05e 3        0.137  2.05e 4 9.47e+ 1
 5 desempleo17      7.36e 0 5.53e 0        0.140  2.74e 1 5.76e+ 0
 6 deuda16          1.03e 0 1.02e 0        0.0150 4.25e 0 6.54e- 1
 7 electri16        8.44e 1 2.64e 1        7.59   1   e 2 1   e+ 2
 8 fertil16         4.18e 2 2.44e 3        0.402  3.02e 4 1.19e+ 2
 9 gasto_edu16      4.53e 0 1.53e 0        1.37   1.03e 1 4.44e+ 0
10 gasto_id16       1.03e 0 1.02e 0        0.0150 4.25e 0 6.54e- 1
11 gasto_militar17  1.86e 0 1.62e 0        0      1.21e 1 1.44e+ 0
12 pib16            3.79e11 1.63e12 36572612.     1.87e13 2.70e+10
13 pm2517           2.70e 1 1.88e 1        5.86   9.97e 1 2.16e+ 1
14 pobRural17       3.90e 1 2.38e 1        0      8.73e 1 3.83e+ 1
15 tierrasCult16    1.42e 1 1.35e 1        0.0863 5.96e 1 1.04e+ 1

Tabla con DT

# Bibliotecas
library(DT)

# Resumen numérico por variable
datos %>% 
  select(-c(pais, continente)) %>% 
  gather(key = "variable", value = "valor") %>% 
  group_by(variable) %>% 
  summarise(Promedio = mean(valor, na.rm = TRUE),
            DE = sd(valor, na.rm = TRUE),
            Min = min(valor, na.rm = TRUE),
            Max = max(valor, na.rm = TRUE),
            Mediana = median(valor, na.rm = TRUE)) %>% 
  datatable()

Tabla con Knitr

# Bibliotecas
library(knitr)

# Resumen numérico por variable
datos %>% 
  select(-c(pais, continente)) %>% 
  gather(key = "variable", value = "valor") %>% 
  group_by(variable) %>% 
  summarise(Promedio = mean(valor, na.rm = TRUE),
            DE = sd(valor, na.rm = TRUE),
            Min = min(valor, na.rm = TRUE),
            Max = max(valor, na.rm = TRUE),
            Mediana = median(valor, na.rm = TRUE)) %>% 
  kable()

variable	Promedio	DE	Min	Max	Mediana
cajeros17	5.511960e+01	4.692907e+01	1.274667e+00	3.131528e+02	4.576590e+01
camas14	2.291633e+00	1.571654e+00	5.000000e-01	6.200000e+00	1.600000e+00
cto_pib16	3.026401e+00	3.751874e+00	-1.362146e+01	2.822384e+01	3.062600e+00
densidad17	4.493870e+02	2.051630e+03	1.368522e-01	2.047918e+04	9.467309e+01
desempleo17	7.358919e+00	5.532971e+00	1.400000e-01	2.744400e+01	5.760000e+00
deuda16	1.034774e+00	1.023584e+00	1.498000e-02	4.251210e+00	6.541850e-01
electri16	8.435029e+01	2.638333e+01	7.588477e+00	1.000000e+02	1.000000e+02
fertil16	4.176058e+02	2.442772e+03	4.020905e-01	3.023786e+04	1.193096e+02
gasto_edu16	4.530416e+00	1.534184e+00	1.371020e+00	1.029313e+01	4.440990e+00
gasto_id16	1.034774e+00	1.023584e+00	1.498000e-02	4.251210e+00	6.541850e-01
gasto_militar17	1.863974e+00	1.615046e+00	0.000000e+00	1.207272e+01	1.436931e+00
pib16	3.788623e+11	1.633312e+12	3.657261e+07	1.870719e+13	2.695857e+10
pm2517	2.695940e+01	1.882999e+01	5.861331e+00	9.973437e+01	2.156899e+01
pobRural17	3.901814e+01	2.382689e+01	0.000000e+00	8.729400e+01	3.826900e+01
tierrasCult16	1.417527e+01	1.349633e+01	8.628130e-02	5.964669e+01	1.042367e+01

Descripción del proceso

El proceso anterior se puede describir de la siguiente manera:
1. Datos es la base de datos sobre la cual deseo ejecutar un proceso.
2. %>% operador de tubería que se lee como “entonces”“. Permite que el código sea legible, además, proporciona operaciones en cadena.
3. Opcional: como la descripción numérica que se va a realizar sólo es con las variables cuantitativas, selecciono unicamente aquellas de interés, es decir, todas excepto el país y el contienente (por ser texto o factores).
4. La función gather() permite pasar de múltiples columnas a dos variables que contienen la misma información. Los argumentos necesarios para procesar son:
  - key: nombre de la nueva variable que contiene los encabezados (nombres de variables en la base de datos con formato ancho).
  - value: nombre de la nueva variable que contiene valores asociados a las variables de interés.
5. La función group_by() permitirá agrupar por variable, es decir, que en teoría se tendrán 15 grupos (porque son 15 variables).
6. La función summarise() permite generar resúmenes numéricos en función de la agrupación previa. Los nombres Promedio, DE, Min, Max y Mediana los asigna el usuario.
7. Nota: el argumento na.rm = TRUE en las funciones de estadísticos descriptivos permite remover los NAs para efectuar el cálculo.

Gráficos de dispersión

Gráfio X vs Y (simple)

Gráfico con todos los datos:

# Biblioteca
library(ggplot2)

# Gráfico
ggplot(data = datos, mapping = aes(x = gasto_militar17, y = gasto_edu16)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE)

Gráfico con filtro sobre dato “atípico” en gasto militar:

# Gráfico
datos %>%
  filter(gasto_militar17 <= 10) %>% 
  ggplot(data = ., mapping = aes(x = gasto_militar17, y = gasto_edu16)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE)

Matriz Dispersión 1

# Biblioteca
library(psych)

# Matriz de dispersión
datos_disp <- datos %>%
  select_if(is.numeric)

pairs.panels(datos_disp)

Matriz de dispersión reducida (ejemplo):

datos_disp2 <- datos %>%
  select(gasto_militar17, gasto_edu16, desempleo17,
         camas14, pib16, gasto_id16)

pairs.panels(datos_disp2)

Matriz de dispersión `ggplot2`

# Biblioteca
library(GGally)

# Matriz de dispersión
ggpairs(datos_disp2)

Matriz de correlaciones numérica

# Obtener correlaciones (Pearson: ejemplo)
matriz_cor <- cor(datos_disp2, use = "pairwise.complete.obs")
matriz_cor

                gasto_militar17  gasto_edu16 desempleo17     camas14
gasto_militar17     1.000000000  0.005680844  0.07243089 -0.08380492
gasto_edu16         0.005680844  1.000000000  0.18996210  0.39890799
desempleo17         0.072430891  0.189962103  1.00000000  0.09568141
camas14            -0.083804924  0.398907991  0.09568141  1.00000000
pib16               0.049793587 -0.039946838 -0.08014070  0.12298349
gasto_id16         -0.073199552 -0.103750960 -0.15564109  0.55237344
                      pib16  gasto_id16
gasto_militar17  0.04979359 -0.07319955
gasto_edu16     -0.03994684 -0.10375096
desempleo17     -0.08014070 -0.15564109
camas14          0.12298349  0.55237344
pib16            1.00000000  0.37707683
gasto_id16       0.37707683  1.00000000

Matriz de correlaciones gráfica

Método por defecto:

# Biblioteca
library(corrplot)

# Gráfico
corrplot(matriz_cor)

Otro método gráfico:

corrplot(matriz_cor, method = "pie", type = "upper")

Base de datos

Resumen numérico

Tabla por defecto

Tabla con DT

Tabla con Knitr

Descripción del proceso

Gráficos de dispersión

Gráfio X vs Y (simple)

Matriz Dispersión 1

Matriz de dispersión ggplot2

Matriz de correlaciones numérica

Matriz de correlaciones gráfica

Matriz de dispersión `ggplot2`